This chapter takes you beyond basic SQL and shows how databases are actually used. You will learn how to process and summarise data using SQL functions, group related records with GROUP BY, apply aggregate operations, and work with more than one table. It builds the foundation for analysing real-world data stored in relational databases.

NCERT introduces three important Python libraries used in data analysis: NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib. This chapter focuses on Pandas, the most widely used library for handling structured data. You will learn how to create Series and DataFrames, work with tabular data, and import/export data using CSV files—essential skills for data analysis in Python.

In real applications, data is often large, incomplete, and unorganised. This chapter moves from basic data handling to data analysis. You will learn how to summarise data, calculate statistics, group and aggregate records, sort data, handle missing values, and connect Pandas with MySQL. These skills help transform raw data into meaningful information.

Numbers alone cannot always reveal patterns and trends clearly. This chapter introduces data visualisation using Matplotlib and Pandas plotting tools. You will learn how to represent data using line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts, customise plots for clarity, and visualise DataFrame data effectively—making analysis easier, faster, and more intuitive.

This chapter explains how computers communicate and share resources through networks. You will learn about types of networks, networking devices, topologies, and the Internet as a global network of networks. It also introduces websites, web pages, web servers, hosting, and browsers—helping you understand how information is delivered and accessed on the World Wide Web.

This chapter explores the social impacts of digital technologies, including digital footprints, responsible digital citizenship, data protection, cyber crimes, and the IT Act. It also discusses e-waste and health issues related to technology use, helping students understand ethical, legal, and responsible use of digital systems.